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Bislama (;〔Laurie Bauer, 2007, ''The Linguistics Student’s Handbook'', Edinburgh〕 ; also known under its earlier name in French ''Bichelamar''〔(Bislama ), Ethnologue. Accessed Jan. 2, 2014.〕 (:biʃlamaʁ)) is a creole language, one of the official languages of Vanuatu. It is the first language of many of the "Urban ni-Vanuatu" (those who live in Port Vila and Luganville), and the second language of much of the rest of the country's residents. "Yumi, Yumi, Yumi", the Vanuatu national anthem, is in Bislama. More than 95% of Bislama words are of English origin; the remainder combines a few dozen words from French, as well as some vocabulary inherited from various languages of Vanuatu, essentially limited to flora and fauna terminology.〔See Charpentier (1979).〕 While the influence of these vernacular languages is low on the vocabulary side, it is very high in the morphosyntax. Bislama can be basically described as a language with an English vocabulary and phonology and an Oceanic grammar.〔See Camden (1979).〕 ==History== During the period known as Blackbirding, in the 1870s and 1880s, hundreds of thousands of Pacific islanders (many of them from the New Hebrides (now Vanuatu) archipelago) were enslaved and forced to work on plantations, mainly in Queensland, Australia and Fiji.〔Emma Christopher, Cassandra Pybus and Marcus Buford Rediker (2007). ''Many Middle Passages: Forced Migration and the Making of the Modern World'', University of California Press, pp 188-190. ISBN 0-520-25206-3.〕 With several languages being spoken in these plantations, a ''pidgin'' was formed, combining English vocabulary〔In addition, whaling captains who picked up workforce from Africa and the Pacific Islands had already developed some sort of pidginized English. Modern Bislama bears a striking resemblance to Pidgin Englishes of West Africa (where the slave trade was also active at one time); it is possible that Bislama is one branch of an evolution of pidgins from the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries when the first truly global trading system began. See Monogenetic theory of pidgins.〕 with grammatical structures typical of languages in the region.〔For this whole section, see: Tryon & Charpentier (2004), and Crowley (1990).〕 This early plantation pidgin is the origin not only of Bislama, but also of Tok Pisin of Papua New Guinea and Pijin of the Solomon Islands, though not of Torres Strait Creole north of Australia. This pidgin started spreading over the Vanuatu archipelago at the turn of the 20th century, as the survivors of Blackbirding began to come back to their native islands: knowledge of this pidgin would facilitate communication not only with European traders and settlers, but also between native populations of remote islands within the archipelago. This is how Bislama was born, progressively evolving separately from other related pidgins from the Pacific. Because Vanuatu is the most language-dense country in the world (one count puts it at 113 languages for a population of 225,000),〔See Crowley (2000:50); François (2012:86).〕 Bislama usefully serves as a lingua franca for communication between ni-Vanuatu, as well as with and even between foreigners. Besides Bislama, most ni-Vanuatu also know their local language, the local language of their father and that of their mother, and their spouse, and formal schools are taught in English or in French. Over the past century or so, Bislama has evolved to what is currently spoken and written. Only recently (1995, with second edition in 2004) has the first dictionary of Bislama〔See Crowley (1995).〕 been published, and this has helped to create a uniform spelling of Bislama. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bislama」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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